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Kroot Start learning

Korean Dictionary · Level C1

Korean C1 Vocabulary

All 819 CEFR C1 words, each with romanization, meaning, and an example sentence.

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

1–10 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50 51–60 61–70 71–80 81–90 91–100 101–110 111–120 121–130 131–140 141–150 151–160 161–170 171–180 181–190 191–200 201–210 211–220 221–230 231–240 241–250 251–260 261–270 271–280 281–290 291–300 301–310 311–320 321–330 331–340 341–350 351–360 361–370 371–380 381–390 391–400 401–410 411–420 421–430 431–440 441–450 451–460 461–470 471–480 481–490 491–500 501–510 511–520 521–530 531–540 541–550 551–560 561–570 571–580 581–590 591–600 601–610 611–620 621–630 631–640 641–650 651–660 661–670 671–680 681–690 691–700 701–710 711–720 721–730 731–740 741–750 751–760 761–770 771–780 781–790 791–800 801–810 811–819

Unit 1words 1–10

통찰력tongchallyeok — insight
역설yeokseol — paradox
모순mosun — contradiction
편향pyeonhyang — bias
타당성tadangseong — validity
객관성gaekgwanseong — objectivity
주관성jugwanseong — subjectivity
함의hamui — implication
논란nollan — controversy
쟁점jaengjeom — point of contention

Unit 2words 11–20

담론damnon — discourse
여론yeoron — public opinion
통념tongnyeom — conventional wisdom
고정관념gojeong-gwannyeom — stereotype
편협함pyeonhyeopham — narrow-mindedness
함축hamchuk — connotation
전제jeonje — premise
논거non-geo — grounds for an argument
논리nolli — logic
추론churon — inference

Unit 3words 21–30

반박banbak — rebuttal
반증banjeung — disproof / counterevidence
근거geun-geo — basis / evidence
개연성gaeyeonseong — plausibility
필연성piryeonseong — inevitability
우연성uyeonseong — contingency / randomness
보편성bopyeonseong — universality
특수성teuksuseong — particularity
상대성sangdaeseong — relativity
이념inyeom — ideology

Unit 4words 31–40

신념sinnyeom — conviction
가치관gachigwan — set of values
세계관segyegwan — worldview
관점gwanjeom — standpoint
시각sigak — viewpoint
맥락maengnak — context
전환jeonhwan — shift / conversion
규범gyubeom — norm
제도jedo — institution / system
관행gwanhaeng — customary practice

Unit 5words 41–50

폐단pyedan — abuse / harmful practice
병폐byeongpye — chronic social ill
소외soeoe — alienation / marginalization
격차gyeokcha — gap / disparity
양극화yanggeukhwa — polarization
계층gyecheung — social stratum
기득권gideukgwon — vested interests
이해관계ihaegwan-gye — stake / vested interest
왜곡waegok — distortion
은유eunyu — metaphor

Unit 6words 51–60

완곡어법wan-gokeobeop — euphemism
성향seonghyang — disposition / leaning
자의성jauiseong — arbitrariness
회의론hoeuiron — skepticism
낙관론nakgwallon — optimistic view
비관론bigwallon — pessimistic view
정당화jeongdanghwa — justification
합리화hamnihwa — rationalization
수반하다subanhada — to entail / accompany
규명하다gyumyeonghada — to elucidate / ascertain

Unit 7words 61–70

표방하다pyobanghada — to profess / advocate openly
간주하다ganjuhada — to regard as
전락하다jeollakada — to degenerate into
부합하다buhapada — to conform to / match
상응하다sang-eunghada — to correspond to
기인하다giinhada — to originate from
직결되다jikgyeoldoeda — to be directly linked
귀결되다gwigyeoldoeda — to result in
촉발하다chokbalhada — to trigger
촉진하다chokjinhada — to promote / accelerate

Unit 8words 71–80

저해하다jeohaehada — to hinder
훼손하다hwesonhada — to damage / impair
고수하다gosuhada — to adhere firmly to
관철하다gwancheolhada — to carry through
철회하다cheolhoehada — to withdraw / retract
번복하다beonbokada — to reverse (a statement)
표명하다pyomyeonghada — to express (a position)
천명하다cheonmyeonghada — to declare (publicly)
역설하다yeokseolhada — to emphasize strongly
설파하다seolpahada — to expound / preach

Unit 9words 81–90

논박하다nonbakada — to refute
입증하다ipjeunghada — to prove / substantiate
논증하다nonjeunghada — to demonstrate by argument
규정하다gyujeonghada — to define / stipulate
천착하다cheonchakada — to delve deeply into
고찰하다gochalhada — to examine / consider closely
조명하다jomyeonghada — to shed light on
부각되다bugakdoeda — to come to the fore
대두하다daeduhada — to emerge (as an issue)
만연하다manyeonhada — to be rampant

Unit 10words 91–100

잠식하다jamsikada — to encroach on
결부되다gyeolbudoeda — to be tied to
봉착하다bongchakada — to run up against
감내하다gamnaehada — to endure
지양하다jiyanghada — to refrain from / eschew
지향하다jihyanghada — to aim for
함양하다hamyanghada — to cultivate (a quality)
도모하다domohada — to seek / promote
모색하다mosaekada — to grope for / explore (a way)
강구하다ganguhada — to devise (measures)

Unit 11words 101–110

타개하다tagaehada — to break through (an impasse)
불식하다bulsikada — to dispel (doubts)
상쇄하다sangswaehada — to offset
감축하다gamchukada — to cut back / reduce
확충하다hwakchunghada — to expand and reinforce
정립하다jeongnipada — to establish (a concept)
구축하다guchukada — to build (a system)
선도하다seondohada — to lead the way
주도하다judohada — to spearhead
동반하다dongbanhada — to be accompanied by

Unit 12words 111–120

가속화하다gasokwahada — to accelerate
심화되다simhwadoeda — to deepen / intensify
완화되다wanhwadoeda — to ease / be mitigated
반영되다banyeongdoeda — to be reflected
수렴되다suryeomdoeda — to converge / be gathered
표출되다pyochuldoeda — to be expressed outwardly
누적되다nujeokdoeda — to accumulate
고착되다gochakdoeda — to become entrenched
퇴색되다toesaekdoeda — to fade / lose luster
와해되다wahaedoeda — to fall apart / collapse

Unit 13words 121–130

봉합하다bonghapada — to paper over / patch up
규탄하다gyutanhada — to denounce
옹호하다onghohada — to defend / advocate
묵인하다muginhada — to tacitly condone
배제하다baejehada — to exclude / rule out
국한되다gukandoeda — to be confined to
치부하다chibuhada — to dismiss as
간과하다ganggwahada — to overlook
직시하다jiksihada — to face squarely
성찰하다seongchalhada — to reflect deeply

Unit 14words 131–140

환기하다hwan-gihada — to call attention to
촉구하다chokguhada — to urge
감안하다gamanhada — to take into account
전제하다jeonjehada — to presuppose
표류하다pyoryuhada — to drift (aimlessly)
답습하다dapseupada — to follow blindly (precedent)
쇄신하다swaesinhada — to overhaul / renew
표적하다pyojeokada — to target
산재하다sanjaehada — to be scattered about
결여되다gyeoryeodoeda — to be lacking

Unit 15words 141–150

상충하다sangchunghada — to conflict with
병행하다byeonghaenghada — to carry out in parallel
선행하다seonhaenghada — to precede
귀속되다gwisokdoeda — to be attributed to / belong to
대변하다daebyeonhada — to speak for / represent
일축하다ilchukada — to brush aside
타진하다tajinhada — to sound out
선회하다seonhoehada — to make a turn (in policy)
격상되다gyeoksangdoeda — to be upgraded
역행하다yeokaenghada — to run counter to

Unit 16words 151–160

부응하다bueunghada — to live up to / meet (expectations)
치중하다chijunghada — to focus disproportionately on
전가하다jeon-gahada — to shift (blame, cost)
가늠하다ganeumhada — to gauge / estimate
상정하다sangjeonghada — to assume / put on the agenda
일관하다ilgwanhada — to be consistent throughout
부단하다budanhada — to be ceaseless
양상yangsang — aspect / pattern
실체silche — substance / true identity
허상heosang — illusion / phantom

Unit 17words 161–170

표상pyosang — representation / symbol
층위cheung-wi — layer / level (of analysis)
국면gungmyeon — phase / juncture
기조gijo — keynote / basic stance
소지soji — potential (for trouble)
표본pyobon — sample
변수byeonsu — variable
상수sangsu — constant
기제gije — mechanism
동인dong-in — driving factor

Unit 18words 171–180

폐해pyehae — harmful effects
역기능yeokgineung — dysfunction
순기능sun-gineung — positive function
관건gwan-geon — the key / crux
실익silik — practical benefit
표징pyojing — sign / token
징후jinghu — symptom / omen
난맥nanmaek — tangled disorder
난제nanje — difficult problem
현안hyeonan — pending issue

Unit 19words 181–190

화두hwadu — topic of the moment
논지nonji — thrust of an argument
논조nonjo — editorial tone
서사seosa — narrative
반전banjeon — plot twist / reversal
풍자pungja — satire
해학haehak — humor / wit (traditional)
비유biyu — figurative comparison
직유jigyu — simile
상징sangjing — symbol

Unit 20words 191–200

심상simsang — imagery
방관bang-gwan — standing by idly
묵인mugin — tacit approval
각성gakseong — awakening / realization
자각jagak — self-awareness
식견sikgyeon — erudition / informed judgment
교양gyoyang — liberal culture / refinement
학식haksik — learning / scholarship
정통jeongtong — orthodoxy / legitimacy
이단idan — heterodoxy / heresy

Unit 21words 201–210

계보gyebo — lineage / genealogy
관습gwanseup — custom
시류siryu — current of the times
조류joryu — tide / current (figurative)
국제화gukjehwa — internationalization
세속화sesokwa — secularization
입법ipbeop — legislation
사법sabeop — the judiciary
헌법heonbeop — constitution
법령beomnyeong — statutes and ordinances

Unit 22words 211–220

조항johang — clause / article
판례pallye — judicial precedent
제소jeso — filing suit
기소giso — indictment
무혐의muhyeomui — no charges / cleared
항소hangso — appeal
관할gwanhal — jurisdiction
견제gyeonje — check (on power)
탄핵tanhaek — impeachment
개헌gaeheon — constitutional amendment

Unit 23words 221–230

부결bugyeol — rejection (of a bill)
가결gagyeol — approval (of a bill)
발의barui — sponsoring a bill
표결pyogyeol — voting
정족수jeongjoksu — quorum
연정yeonjeong — coalition government
야당yadang — opposition party
여당yeodang — ruling party
정파jeongpa — political faction
선거구seon-geogu — electoral district

Unit 24words 231–240

투표율tupyoyul — voter turnout
민의minui — the will of the people
주권jugwon — sovereignty
자치jachi — self-governance
분권bun-gwon — decentralization of power
관료제gwallyoje — bureaucracy
공권력gonggwollyeok — state authority / public power
치안chian — public order / security
조약joyak — treaty
비준bijun — ratification

Unit 25words 241–250

무역수지muyeoksuji — trade balance
재정jaejeong — public finance
세수sesu — tax revenue
조세jose — taxation
감세gamse — tax cut
국채gukchae — government bond
물가상승률mulgasangseungnyul — inflation rate
인플레이션inpeulleisyeon — inflation
경기침체gyeong-gichimche — recession
수요suyo — demand

Unit 26words 251–260

공급gonggeup — supply
유동성yudongseong — liquidity
채무chaemu — obligation to pay / debt
담보dambo — collateral
투기tugi — speculation
과열gwayeol — overheating
독점dokjeom — monopoly
과점gwajeom — oligopoly
담합damhap — collusion / price-fixing
구조조정gujojojeong — restructuring

Unit 27words 261–270

인수합병insuhapbyeong — mergers and acquisitions
수익률suingnyul — rate of return
실질임금siljirimgeum — real wages
고용률goyongnyul — employment rate
비정규직bijeonggyujik — non-regular employment
노사nosa — labor and management
단체교섭danchegyoseop — collective bargaining
복지국가bokjigukga — welfare state
사회안전망sahoeanjeonmang — social safety net
재분배jaebunbae — redistribution

Unit 28words 271–280

공공성gonggongseong — public interest character
민영화minyeonghwa — privatization
예산안yesanan — budget bill
집행jipaeng — execution / enforcement
청렴cheongnyeom — integrity / incorruptibility
가설gaseol — hypothesis
실증siljeung — empirical demonstration
이론화iyonhwa — theorization
모형mohyeong — model
패러다임paereodaim — paradigm

Unit 29words 281–290

방법론bangbeomnon — methodology
인식론insingnon — epistemology
존재론jonjaeron — ontology
윤리학yullihak — ethics (discipline)
미학mihak — aesthetics
형이상학hyeong-isanghak — metaphysics
변증법byeonjeungbeop — dialectic
귀납gwinap — induction
연역yeonyeok — deduction
명제myeongje — proposition

Unit 30words 291–300

공리gongni — axiom
정합성jeonghapseong — coherence / consistency
신뢰도silloedo — reliability
재현성jaehyeonseong — reproducibility
유의미yuuimi — significant / meaningful
상관관계sanggwan-gwan-gye — correlation
인과관계in-gwagwan-gye — causal relationship
변인byeonin — variable (in an experiment)
통제tongje — control
관측gwancheuk — observation (scientific)

Unit 31words 301–310

측정cheukjeong — measurement
정량jeongnyang — quantitative
정성jeongseong — qualitative
도출dochul — derivation / drawing (a conclusion)
시사점sisajeom — implication / takeaway
제약jeyak — constraint
선행연구seonhaeng-yeon-gu — prior research
문헌munheon — literature / documents
표절pyojeol — plagiarism
학술haksul — academic / scholarly

Unit 32words 311–320

학계hakgye — academia
학파hakpa — school of thought
석학seokak — eminent scholar
권위자gwonwija — authority (person)
융합yunghap — convergence / fusion
분화bunhwa — differentiation
유형화yuhyeonghwa — typologization
추상화chusanghwa — abstraction
명료화myeongnyohwa — clarification
정교화jeonggyohwa — refinement / elaboration

Unit 33words 321–330

단순화dansunhwa — simplification
최적화choejeokwa — optimization
고도화godohwa — sophistication / upgrading
다변화dabyeonhwa — diversification
획일화hoegilhwa — uniformization
상용화sang-yonghwa — commercialization
가시화gasihwa — becoming visible / materializing
내재화naejaehwa — internalization
외연oeyeon — extension / scope
내포naepo — intension / connotation

Unit 34words 331–340

총체chongche — totality
부분집합bubunjipap — subset
상호작용sanghojagyong — interaction
역동성yeokdongseong — dynamism
취약성chwiyakseong — vulnerability
온실가스onsilgaseu — greenhouse gas
탄소중립tansojungnip — carbon neutrality
고갈gogal — depletion
남획namhoek — overfishing / overhunting
오염원oyeom-won — source of pollution

Unit 35words 341–350

정화jeonghwa — purification
감염병gamyeombyeong — infectious disease
임상imsang — clinical
유전자yujeonja — gene
생명윤리saengmyeong-yulli — bioethics
정보격차jeongbogyeokcha — digital divide
익명성ingmyeongseong — anonymity
감시사회gamsisahoe — surveillance society
환멸hwanmyeol — disillusionment
냉소naengso — cynicism / sneer

Unit 36words 351–360

자조jajo — self-mockery
회한hoehan — deep regret
비애biae — sorrow / pathos
애수aesu — melancholy
적막jeongmak — desolate silence
고독godok — solitude
허무heomu — nihility / emptiness
무력감muryeokgam — sense of powerlessness
자괴감jagoegam — sense of self-reproach
수치심suchisim — shame

Unit 37words 361–370

숭고sunggo — sublimity
환희hwanhui — rapture / elation
격정gyeokjeong — violent passion
울분ulbun — pent-up resentment
원망wonmang — resentment / blame
적개심jeokgaesim — hostility
경멸gyeongmyeol — contempt
질시jilsi — envy and resentment
선망seonmang — admiring envy
안도ando — relief

Unit 38words 371–380

초조chojo — impatient anxiety
관대gwandae — generosity / leniency
냉철naengcheol — cool-headedness
신중sinjung — prudence
결연gyeoryeon — resoluteness
완고wan-go — stubbornness
우유부단uyubudan — indecisiveness
무관심mugwansim — indifference
집착jipchak — obsession / attachment
초연choyeon — detachment / aloofness

Unit 39words 381–390

담담damdam — composure / matter-of-factness
비장bijang — grim determination
관조gwanjo — contemplation
달관dalgwan — transcendent detachment
이내inae — before long
기어이gieoi — at last / obstinately
끝내kkeutnae — in the end / never (in the end)
좀처럼jomcheoreom — hardly ever
도무지domuji — not at all (with negatives)
자못jamot — considerably / quite

Unit 40words 391–400

사뭇samut — markedly / quite differently
무릇mureut — generally speaking / as a rule
실로sillo — truly / indeed
가히gahi — quite / arguably
응당eungdang — as one ought to
설령seollyeong — even if
비록birok — although
오로지oroji — solely
한낱hannat — merely / no more than
부득이budeugi — unavoidably

Unit 41words 401–410

급기야geupgiya — in the end / finally (badly)
은연중eunyeonjung — implicitly / unconsciously
필경pilgyeong — in all likelihood / after all
여실히yeosilhi — vividly / plainly
확연히hwagyeonhi — clearly / distinctly
현저히hyeonjeohi — markedly
미묘히mimyohi — subtly
급속히geupsokhi — rapidly
지속적jisokjeok — continuous
간헐적ganheoljeok — intermittent

Unit 42words 411–420

항구적hang-gujeok — permanent
가시적gasijeok — visible / tangible
잠재적jamjaejeok — potential / latent
구조적gujojeok — structural
본질적bonjiljeok — essential / fundamental
총체적chongchejeok — comprehensive / total
단편적danpyeonjeok — fragmentary
선별적seonbyeoljeok — selective
일방적ilbangjeok — unilateral
상호적sanghojeok — mutual / reciprocal

Unit 43words 421–430

조작jojak — manipulation / fabrication
선동seondong — agitation / incitement
언론자유eollonjayu — press freedom
공론장gongnonjang — public sphere
숙의sugui — deliberation
이견igyeon — dissenting opinion
결렬gyeollyeol — breakdown (of talks)
타결tagyeol — settlement
교착gyochak — stalemate
대치daechi — standoff

Unit 44words 431–440

저항jeohang — resistance
연대yeondae — solidarity
결집gyeoljip — rallying together
분열bunyeol — division / split
통합tonghap — integration
동화donghwa — assimilation
이주iju — migration
혐오hyeomo — hatred / hate (speech)
낙인nagin — stigma
존엄joneom — dignity

Unit 45words 441–450

자유의지jayuuiji — free will
책무chaengmu — duty / accountability
도의doui — moral duty
불의burui — injustice
부조리bujori — absurdity / irrationality
기만giman — deception
진상jinsang — the truth of a matter
전말jeonmal — the whole story
경위gyeong-wi — circumstances / sequence of events
심증simjeung — moral conviction / suspicion

Unit 46words 451–460

물증muljeung — physical evidence
변론byeollon — legal argument / defense
공방gongbang — back-and-forth dispute
문책munchaek — calling to account
경질gyeongjil — dismissal and replacement
사퇴satoe — resignation (from post)
유임yuim — retention in office
임명immyeong — appointment
인선inseon — personnel selection
장인정신jang-injeongsin — craftsmanship spirit

Unit 47words 461–470

예술성yesulseong — artistic merit
미완miwan — incompleteness
습작seupjak — practice work / étude
역작yeokjak — masterwork
걸작geoljak — masterpiece
혹평hokpyeong — harsh criticism
호평hopyeong — favorable review
재평가jaepyeongga — reevaluation
고증gojeung — historical verification
사료saryo — historical source

Unit 48words 471–480

사관sagwan — view of history
격동기gyeokdonggi — turbulent period
태동taedong — birth / stirrings
쇠퇴soetoe — decline
부흥buheung — revival
존속jonsok — continued existence
폐지pyeji — abolition
존치jonchi — keeping in place
개편gaepyeon — reorganization
정비jeongbi — overhaul / tidying up

Unit 49words 481–490

보완bowan — supplementation
소급sogeup — retroactivity
특례teungnye — special exception
부칙buchik — supplementary provisions
준수junsu — compliance
저촉jeochok — conflicting with (a law)
적법jeokbeop — legality
위법wibeop — illegality
합헌hapeon — constitutionality
무효muhyo — nullity / invalidity

Unit 50words 491–500

효력hyoryeok — legal effect
발효balhyo — entry into force
이행ihaeng — fulfillment / performance
귀책gwichaek — attribution of fault
면책myeonchaek — exemption from liability
연대책임yeondaechaegim — joint liability
구제guje — remedy / relief
권익gwonik — rights and interests
실효성silhyoseong — effectiveness in practice
당위성dang-wiseong — normative necessity

Unit 51words 501–510

정당성jeongdangseong — legitimacy
합목적성hammokjeokseong — purposiveness / fitness to purpose
형해화hyeonghaehwa — reduction to an empty shell
타성taseong — force of habit / rut
도태dotae — being weeded out
파급력pageupnyeok — ripple power / impact
분별력bunbyeollyeok — discernment
응집력eungjimnyeok — cohesion
원심력wonsimnyeok — centrifugal force
축chuk — axis / pivot

Unit 52words 511–520

내막naemak — inside story
속셈sokssem — hidden calculation
빌미bilmi — pretext
고육책goyukchaek — desperate last resort
차선책chaseonchaek — second-best option
방책bangchaek — plan of action
수칙suchik — code of conduct / rules
기준점gijunjeom — reference point
임계점imgyejeom — critical point / threshold
기로giro — crossroads

Unit 53words 521–530

변곡점byeon-gokjeom — inflection point
저점jeojeom — trough / low point
편차pyeoncha — deviation / variation
낙폭nakpok — extent of decline
증폭jeungpok — amplification
침투chimtu — penetration
이식isik — transplantation (of a system)
토착화tochakwa — indigenization
현지화hyeonjihwa — localization
보편화bopyeonhwa — becoming universal

Unit 54words 531–540

일상화ilsanghwa — becoming routine
만성화manseonghwa — becoming chronic
단절danjeol — severance / rupture
행태haengtae — behavior pattern (pejorative)
작태jaktae — disgraceful conduct
처사cheosa — handling / treatment
선제seonje — preemption
미연miyeon — beforehand (preventively)
예방책yebangchaek — preventive measure
재발jaebal — recurrence

Unit 55words 541–550

통상tongsang — ordinarily / trade
이례적iryejeok — exceptional / unusual
억압eogap — oppression
탄압tanap — crackdown / repression
해방haebang — liberation
자율jayul — autonomy
타율tayul — heteronomy / external control
종속jongsok — subordination / dependency
고립gorip — isolation
공존gongjon — coexistence

Unit 56words 551–560

상생sangsaeng — mutual flourishing
호혜hohye — reciprocity
공생gongsaeng — symbiosis
각축gakchuk — fierce rivalry
형국hyeongguk — the shape of a situation
논구하다non-guhada — to argue out / investigate discursively
천명cheonmyeong — public declaration
일갈하다ilgalhada — to rebuke loudly
중언부언jung-eonbueon — redundant repetition
지리멸렬jirimyeollyeol — incoherent disintegration

Unit 57words 561–570

자명하다jamyeonghada — to be self-evident
불분명하다bulbunmyeonghada — to be unclear
미흡하다miheupada — to be insufficient
빈번하다binbeonhada — to be frequent
희박하다huibakada — to be slim / thin
지대하다jidaehada — to be immense
미미하다mimihada — to be negligible
막대하다makdaehada — to be enormous
극심하다geuksimhada — to be extreme / severe
심대하다simdaehada — to be grave and far-reaching

Unit 58words 571–580

지난하다jinanhada — to be arduous
요원하다yowonhada — to be far off
절실하다jeolsilhada — to be keenly needed
시급하다sigeupada — to be urgent
부당하다budanghada — to be unjust
정당하다jeongdanghada — to be legitimate
온당하다ondanghada — to be proper / fair
무방하다mubanghada — to be permissible / no harm
가당찮다gadangchanta — to be preposterous
무색하다musaekada — to be put to shame / rendered meaningless

Unit 59words 581–590

무색무취musaengmuchwi — colorless and odorless / bland
불가피하다bulgapihada — to be inevitable
불가결하다bulgagyeolhada — to be indispensable
긴요하다ginyohada — to be vital
가혹하다gahokada — to be harsh
냉엄하다naeng-eomhada — to be stern and cold
엄정하다eomjeonghada — to be strict and fair
치밀하다chimilhada — to be meticulous
허술하다heosulhada — to be lax / full of holes
방만하다bangmanhada — to be loose / profligate

Unit 60words 591–600

경직되다gyeongjikdoeda — to become rigid
유연하다yuyeonhada — to be flexible
미온적mionjeok — lukewarm
회의적hoeuijeok — skeptical
관용적gwanyongjeok — tolerant / idiomatic
규범적gyubeomjeok — normative
기술적gisuljeok — descriptive / technical
선험적seonheomjeok — a priori
경험적gyeongheomjeok — empirical
사변적sabyeonjeok — speculative (philosophically)

Unit 61words 601–610

실천적silcheonjeok — practical
자의적jauijeok — arbitrary
타의적tauijeok — imposed by others
우발적ubaljeok — accidental / spontaneous
의도적uidojeok — deliberate
부작위bujagwi — omission (failure to act)
작위jagwi — commission (positive act)
정상참작jeongsangchamjak — consideration of mitigating circumstances
양형yanghyeong — sentencing
선고seon-go — pronouncement of sentence

Unit 62words 611–620

각하gaka — dismissal (of a case)
기각gigak — rejection (on the merits)
인용재결inyongjaegyeol — ruling in favor
합의체hapuiche — collegiate panel
직권jikgwon — ex officio authority
재량jaeryang — discretion
오남용onamyong — misuse and abuse
자정능력jajeongneungnyeok — capacity for self-correction
내부고발naebugobal — whistleblowing
유착yuchak — collusive ties

Unit 63words 621–630

청탁cheongtak — improper solicitation
이권igwon — vested profit interest
횡령hoengnyeong — embezzlement
배임baeim — breach of trust
탈세talse — tax evasion
추징chujing — additional collection / forfeiture
환수hwansu — clawback / recovery
몰수molsu — confiscation
실효silhyo — lapse / loss of effect
존폐jonpye — survival or abolition

Unit 64words 631–640

명운myeong-un — fate / destiny (of an entity)
사활sahwal — life or death (stakes)
구태gutae — old ways / outdated practice
화두성hwaduseong — topicality
시의성siuiseong — timeliness
당면dangmyeon — immediate / facing at present
산적sanjeok — piled up (of tasks)
누란nuran — precarious peril
백척간두baekcheokgandu — on the brink
노정하다nojeonghada — to expose (a flaw)

Unit 65words 641–650

잠복하다jambokada — to lie latent
표면화pyomyeonhwa — surfacing
내홍naehong — internal strife
알력allyeok — friction between parties
반목banmok — mutual antagonism
화합hwahap — harmony / reconciliation
동질감dongjilgam — sense of sameness
심연simyeon — abyss
나락narak — the depths / perdition
질곡jilgok — shackles / bondage

Unit 66words 651–660

속박sokbak — bondage / restraint
경색gyeongsaek — freezing up / seizure
여진yeojin — aftershock
파문pamun — ripples / scandal
일파만파ilpamanpa — spreading uncontrollably
함몰hammol — collapse inward / being absorbed
매몰maemol — burial / sunk (cost)
돌파구dolpagu — breakthrough
물꼬mulkko — opening of a channel / start
이정표ijeongpyo — milestone

Unit 67words 661–670

귀추주목gwichujumok — attention on the outcome
관측통gwancheuktong — observers / informed sources
정설jeongseol — established theory
속설sokseol — popular belief
이설iseol — dissenting account
억측eokcheuk — unfounded conjecture
추측성chucheukseong — speculative (of reporting)
단정danjeong — flat assertion
유보yubo — reservation / withholding
일축ilchuk — summary dismissal

Unit 68words 671–680

묵시적muksijeok — implicit / tacit
명시적myeongsijeok — explicit
잠언jameon — aphorism / proverb
경구gyeonggu — epigram
격언gyeogeon — maxim
일화ilhwa — anecdote
회고록hoegorok — memoir
평전pyeongjeon — critical biography
논고non-go — treatise / closing argument
소고sogo — brief study (humble)

Unit 69words 681–690

시론siron — tentative essay / current-affairs commentary
총론chongnon — general remarks / overview
각론gangnon — specifics / detailed discussion
서론seoron — introduction (of a paper)
결론부gyeollonbu — concluding section
부연buyeon — elaboration
요약본yoyakbon — abridged version
발췌balchwe — excerpt
주석juseok — annotation / footnote
색인saegin — index

Unit 70words 691–700

개정판gaejeongpan — revised edition
초판chopan — first edition
절판jeolpan — out of print
역주yeokju — translator's notes
원전wonjeon — original text
번역투beonyeoktu — translationese
어법eobeop — usage / grammar
문해력munhaeryeok — literacy
구어체gueoche — colloquial style
문어체muneoche — literary/written style

Unit 71words 701–710

경어법gyeong-eobeop — honorific system
어원eowon — etymology
다의성dauiseong — polysemy
중의성jung-uiseong — ambiguity (of a sentence)
어감eogam — nuance of a word
뉘앙스nwiangseu — nuance
화용hwayong — pragmatics / usage in context
담화damhwa — discourse (linguistic)
화행hwahaeng — speech act
함의성hamuiseong — implicational quality

Unit 72words 711–720

논변nonbyeon — argumentation
정연하다jeong-yeonhada — to be orderly and coherent
일목요연ilmogyoyeon — clear at a glance
명료하다myeongnyohada — to be lucid
장황하다janghwanghada — to be long-winded
간명하다ganmyeonghada — to be terse and clear
난해하다nanhaehada — to be abstruse
평이하다pyeong-ihada — to be plain and easy
심오하다simohada — to be profound
천박하다cheonbakada — to be shallow / vulgar

Unit 73words 721–730

피상적pisangjeok — superficial
심층적simcheungjeok — in-depth
다각적dagakjeok — multifaceted
입체적ipchejeok — three-dimensional / well-rounded
평면적pyeongmyeonjeok — flat / one-dimensional
도식적dosikjeok — schematic / formulaic
상투적sangtujeok — clichéd
참신하다chamsinhada — to be fresh and novel
진부하다jinbuhada — to be trite
탁월하다tagwolhada — to be outstanding

Unit 74words 731–740

미숙하다misukada — to be immature / unskilled
노회하다nohoehada — to be wily and seasoned
우직하다ujikada — to be simple and steadfast
명민하다myeongminhada — to be sharp-witted
우매하다umaehada — to be foolish and ignorant
무지몽매mujimongmae — ignorance and benightedness
계몽gyemong — enlightenment
몽매mongmae — benightedness
잔상jansang — afterimage
속단sokdan — hasty conclusion

Unit 75words 741–750

고심gosim — agonized deliberation
번민beonmin — anguished worry
고뇌gonoe — agony of mind
번뇌beonnoe — worldly torment (Buddhist)
해탈haetal — spiritual liberation
구도gudo — seeking the way / composition
수양suyang — self-cultivation
방종bangjong — license / unrestraint
탐닉tamnik — indulgence
금욕geumyok — asceticism

Unit 76words 751–760

탐욕tamyok — greed
지조jijo — integrity of principle
절개jeolgae — fidelity / constancy
충절chungjeol — loyal devotion
결기gyeolgi — surge of resolve
관용어gwanyong-eo — idiom
촌평chonpyeong — brief comment
공명gongmyeong — resonance / sympathy
감화gamhwa — moral influence
교화gyohwa — moral edification / rehabilitation

Unit 77words 761–770

체벌chebeol — corporal punishment
학업성취hageopseongchwi — academic achievement
공교육gonggyoyuk — public education
서열화seoyeolhwa — ranking / hierarchization
평준화pyeongjunhwa — equalization
수월성suwolseong — excellence (in education)
거버넌스geobeoneonseu — governance
공청회gongcheonghoe — public hearing
심의simui — deliberation (of a body)
자문jamun — advisory consultation

Unit 78words 771–780

시책sichaek — policy measure
역점yeokjeom — emphasis / priority focus
표제어pyojeeo — headword / entry term
논제nonje — thesis topic / proposition for debate
반명제banmyeongje — antithesis
종합명제jonghammyeongje — synthesis (proposition)
논증력nonjeungnyeok — argumentative force
반사실적bansasiljeok — counterfactual
귀납적gwinapjeok — inductive
연역적yeonyeokjeok — deductive

Unit 79words 781–790

정합적jeonghapjeok — coherent
환원주의hwanwonjuui — reductionism
상대주의sangdaejuui — relativism
실용주의siryongjuui — pragmatism
권위주의gwonwijuui — authoritarianism
온정주의onjeongjuui — paternalism
성과주의seonggwajuui — performance-first doctrine
형식주의hyeongsikjuui — formalism
이기주의igijuui — egoism
허무주의heomujuui — nihilism

Unit 80words 791–800

공리주의gongnijuui — utilitarianism
자유주의jayujuui — liberalism
보편주의bopyeonjuui — universalism
회의주의hoeuijuui — skepticism (doctrine)
낙관주의nakgwanjuui — optimism (doctrine)
숙명론sungmyeongnon — fatalism
결정론gyeoljeongnon — determinism
목적론mokjeongnon — teleology
구조주의gujojuui — structuralism
해체haeche — deconstruction / dismantling

Unit 81words 801–810

수사susa — rhetoric
허점heojeom — flaw / weak point
배상baesang — compensation (for damage)
보상bosang — compensation / reward
알고리즘algorijeum — algorithm
논평nonpyeong — commentary
사설saseol — editorial
기고gigo — contributed article
제보jebo — tip-off
정황jeonghwang — circumstantial situation

Unit 82words 811–819

혐의hyeomui — suspicion / charge
역량강화yeongnyangganghwa — capacity building
진척jincheok — progress
성사seongsa — successful conclusion
사후sahu — after the fact / ex post
고의goui — intent (legal)
과실gwasil — negligence
미필적mipiljeok — dolus eventualis / contingent (intent)
남용namyong — abuse (of a right)